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10 Apr 2019
春夏交替防病手冊
註冊中醫師 鍾啟福
一年之計在於春,《黃帝內經》提到:“春生、夏長、秋收、冬藏”,只要把春天”升發陽氣”這個環節做得好,不但春夏時節能收到預養生之效,就連秋冬季節都能減少疾病的發生,此為四時養生。
近日為二十四節氣中的“穀雨”,是春夏交替的節氣,穀雨有“雨水生百穀”之意,穀雨過後濕氣徐徐上升,天氣更加溫暖,對五穀生長有利。
穀雨是春季的最後一個節氣,是春夏換季的一個交界點,這個節氣之後,降雨量逐漸增多,濕度增加暮春溫度升高,濕度增加,亦有利細菌及病毒繁殖和傳播,穀雨之後”百草回芽,舊病萌發”,此時養生原則應以扶正祛邪、健脾祛濕為主。只要做好轉季時節的養生細節,體內陽氣便不會被干擾,正氣充足便能達到“虛邪賊風,避之有時,正氣存內,邪不可干”。
春夏交替,乍暖還寒,早晚溫差較大,氣溫剛轉暖時,不要過早脫掉長衣,身體調節溫度機能要慢慢適應外間環境變化,從而達到平衡狀態。
老人家常說: “未食五月糉,寒衣咪入籠”,若過早收拾衣物被鋪,一旦氣溫降低,會使人措手不及,身體抵抗力會下降。同時,春季病菌大量繁殖,在正氣不足時便會容易引發春季感染性疾病。春天陽氣始升,人體陽氣還較弱,人體五臟猶如春天的小草一樣需要呵護,所以人們仍要多保暖,勿使身體受寒,損傷人體陽氣。老人、兒童、長期病患者不宜過早減少衣物,手術後人士要適當增加衣物注意保暖,女士不要穿短裙、露肚臍,尤其在冷氣大的地方。流感高峰時不要到人群密集的地方去,常開窗通風保持空氣流通,要早睡早起,不要超過晚上11時上床。另外,隨著雨水增多濕氣上升,亦要注意脾胃及關節疾病的發生。
每個季節變換的前十八天裡,人體的脾臟都處於旺盛時期。
脾居中土,喜燥而惡濕,是各個器官的樞紐,主管飲食受納、吸引和運化,有分清別濁的功效,是供應人體生命活動各個組織器官的重要器官,故有“脾胃為後天之本,氣血化生之源”的說法。除了運行氣血之外,脾又屬濕土,主運化水濕,如果脾臟功能不好,水液代謝不出去,濕氣便留在體內,濕為陰邪,最易損傷脾胃的功能 (尤其是脾胃的陽氣),引起脾虛濕困的體質。脾失健運則濕氣內盛,濕氣經常困在體內會出現怠倦、沒精打采、疲倦多眠、胃脹腹脹、或食欲不佳、大便不成形等症狀。
春夏陽氣漸增,亦容易造成“虛火上炎”,亦即是大家常說的“上火”。
造成上火的原因有很多,脾虛是其中一種主要病機病理,多由於飲食起居不節,過食生冷、煎炸等食物,損傷脾胃運化功能,清陽不升,虛火便會容易上犯五官,症狀有口瘡、牙肉腫痛等,若上火症狀輕微即用鹽水漱口即可。另外,熬夜、休息不足、飲酒過多亦會損害肝臟的疏泄功能,氣血不通,亦會引動虛火。
春天對應的臟腑是肝,肝主疏泄、藏血,其華在爪甲,並開竅於目。
肝屬性為木,而脾屬土,五行當中屬”木克土” ,所以春天其中一個重要的養生原則便是“ 疏肝”。木克土是五行學說的觀點,是古代漢族人民樸素的辨證唯物的哲學思想,是漢族文化重要組成部分。五行中,“木克土”是五種相克關係之一,相克原本屬於正常範圍內的相互約制,若相克太過則會造成疾病,其義與“肝氣犯脾”、“肝氣犯胃”相若。
所以,春天是治療情緒病最佳季節,好像抑鬱症、鬱躁症、焦慮症等都與肝的疏泄功能不足有關,中醫認為肝有疏通及宣泄的功能,有著疏泄全身氣血,調暢氣機的作用。
肝的疏泄作用可表現為:調暢氣機、調暢情志、協調脾胃運化功能。所以為何有情緒病的人,容易會出現食欲不振,沒有胃口,或暴飲暴食,因為七情內傷、思緒紊亂,會導致人體神經功能失常,從而影響了脾胃功能。
透過調整肝的疏泄功能,便能調和情緒。
中醫認為心理健康有賴氣血的和暢,藉著肝的疏泄的功能,氣機得以保持流暢,則可保持良好的心理狀態,心境舒暢。若肝失疏泄,長時處於肝鬱狀態,便可能會出現情緒波動的現象如抑鬱、煩躁、焦慮等。疏肝最佳的養生方法便是飲花茶,如合歡花、素馨花、洛神花等 (參考食療3)。另外,行山、郊遊、慢跑、練氣功、耍太極都是很好的養肝護肝的方法。
春夏時節交替養生注意事項
春季的鍛煉應以適量為主,微汗出為佳,如慢跑、耍太極等。晨曦之時,靜養心神,面對東方,氣納丹田緩緩有節律地呼吸能改善心肺功能,能提高免疫力,預防感冒。飲食原則是疏肝健脾為主,食物要清淡、和暖、富營養,不宜過多肉食損害脾胃功能,強調葷素配搭適當。忌食生冷、煎炸、油膩的食物。不要酗酒,因酒物傷肝傷胃,肝胃不和則體內濕氣積聚,形成疾病。
家居中藥薰蒸抗流感
轉季交界天氣經常轉變較大,溫熱毒邪開始活動,此時容易發生流行性疾病如中醫時行病的風溫、春溫、溫毒等。
材料: 板藍根15g、連翹15g、金銀花15g、貫眾9g、甘草6g
方法: 以上中藥用水煎煮,以蒸汽薰蒸家居房間,可有效預防外感熱病。
同時注意個人衛生,家居空氣流通,配合適當鍛鍊
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