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24 Mar 2016
寶寶黃疸
註冊中醫師 彭明慧
中醫學稱嬰兒黃疸為「胎黃」,是以寶寶出生後一般順序先見於面部、頸部、然後遍及胸腹、四肢皮膚、鞏膜、尿液皆黃為特徵。
胎黃有生理性與病理性之區別:
生理性黃疸是指寶寶出生二至三天出現皮膚、粘膜發生黃染,以四至七天最明顯,不伴有其他症狀,此種持續時間短,足月出生寶寶多能在出生後七至十天內自行消退,早產兒則或延遲至三至四週後才自行消退。約有50%足月出生的嬰兒會出現生理性黃疸,對於早產兒出現生理性黃疽的發生率更可高達80%。
病理性黃疸就是指黃疸出現時間或早或遲,程度較重,持續時間亦長,伴有精神萎靡,食慾欠佳,其黃疸不會自行消退。
中醫古籍有謂胎黃成因乃「小兒在胎,其母臟氣有熱,薰蒸於胎,至生下小兒遍體皆黃」。因為濕熱之邪,為乳母受濕熱而傳於胎,先天胎禀受濕熱邪氣蘊結,濕熱薰灼肝脾,膽由於熱鬱,阻滯不通,膽汁不尋常道外溢肌膚而成黃疸。
中醫一般將黃疸分為陰黃和陽黃。陽黃是熱毒實邪所為,其黃如桔色鮮明;陰黃為寒濕所致,其黃色晦暗,臨床一般將小兒黃疸分為:
濕熱胎黃証型,治以清熱、利濕、褪黃
邪毒胎黃証型,治以清熱解毒、涼血退黃
瘀滯胎黃証型,治以活血化瘀、養肝袪濕
寒濕胎黃証型,治以健脾、溫中、化濕
綜合而言,四種證型皆與「濕」關係密切,食療不妨從健脾去濕著手。
「退黃茶」(各種輕度症型皆可飲用)
功效:利濕健脾褪黃
選材:茵陳2錢、梔子1.5錢、黃芩1錢、車前子1錢、竹茹1錢、陳皮0.5錢、金錢草2錢、白朮1錢、山藥1.5錢、甘草0.5錢
煎法:
所有選材洗淨,放入煲內中加入約800毫升水浸泡約30分鐘
大火煲滾後,轉中小火熬約30分鐘即成
調護:
嬰兒出生後密切觀察皮膚顏色的變化,及時瞭解黃疸出現及消退的時間。
新生兒注意保暖。
注意胎黃患兒的全身證候:有否精神萎靡、嗜睡、吸吮困難、四肢抽搐。
勤餵水,可在水中酌加嬰兒飲用的葡萄糖,促進排泄。
多曬太陽(現今醫學治療輕症多採用光療,即藍光照射,藍光其實就是太陽裡的紫外線)。
餵哺母乳的媽媽飲食應該清淡,避免辛辣、肥膩或寒涼食物。
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