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08 Apr 2020
認識食物增味劑
資深營養師 黃榮俊
認識食物增味劑
小孩子日常飲食中不難碰到味精這個食品添加劑,其實味精是什麼﹖它從何而來﹖它與其他調味產品如鹽、調味品有何分別呢﹖
味精的化學名稱叫谷氨酸鈉(Mono-sodium-L-Glutamate,簡稱MSG),是谷氨酸鹽的一種。它的分子中含有碳、氫、氧、氮和鈉等五大元素。人體也不斷製造谷氨酸,而谷氨酸不是人體必需的氨基酸, 因此營養價值不高,但它可以調味,促進食慾,增加食量。這些味精幾乎全部都是從甘蔗的糖漿及木薯澱粉經過複雜的發酵過程提煉出來。
味精可製造豉油、蠔油、雞精、鮮露、茄汁等調味料,加入各類鹹味零食(例如薯片、餅乾)、有些罐頭食品(例如雞湯、火腿)、急凍食品(例如魚柳、香腸、雞批等的調味。味精含13%鈉質,身體吸收太多鈉離子可能導致高血壓症。有科學家研究發現大量谷氨酸令心臟操作減緩,心臟收縮幅度增加,冠狀脈管受壓縮。很大量的谷氨酸有可能會令心臟停止活動。味精是一種神經的傳導物,吃進體內之後,可把一個神經細胞的刺激傳送到另一個,於是因而造成「中國餐館症Chinese Restaurant Symptoms」,令一些人感到暈眩、面部發紅、呼吸緊促等。
聯合國「世界衛生組織」訂下了安全標準,建議每人每日的味精最高服食量是每公斤體重120毫克,算起來大人不多於 4-6克(約一茶匙),小童不多於 1- 4克(但這個標準不適用於嬰兒,十二個星期以下的嬰兒不應進食味精或任何食物附加劑)。
味精吃得過量,會出現過敏症狀如面部充血;心跳反常或加速、暈眩、頭痛、偏頭痛、頸部僵硬,肌肉收縮、作嘔、失眠、腸胃不適。
在天然食品之中,許多都含有谷氨酸鹽,例如番茄、芝士、磨菇、粟米及青豆等。一般谷氨酸鹽佔蛋白質含量的10 - 35%。人體也不斷製造谷氨酸鹽,這種物質是製造蛋白質不可少的成份,對於幫助體內新陳代謝作用非常重要。味精與人體自己製造的谷氨酸鹽完全沒有分別,消化之後進入體內正常的生物化學途徑,產生能量。
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